Production Potential of the Indigenous Kacang Goat in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Productive, Reproductive, and Adaptive Traits Production Potential of the Indigenous Kacang Goat in Indonesia Section Articles

Abstract

The Kacang goat is the most widely distributed indigenous goat of Indonesia, yet evidence on its production potential remains scattered across heterogeneous local studies. This review aimed to synthesize the productive, reproductive, and adaptive potential of the Kacang goat to inform conservation and genetic improvement. Following the PRISMA 2020 guideline, we retrieved peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025 from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, supplemented by hand-searching; 47 studies met the eligibility criteria, and 31 provided extractable quantitative data. A random-effects meta-analysis of litter size across ten studies yielded a pooled estimate of 1.85 kids per birth (95% CI 1.78–1.92; I² = 58%). Adult body weight ranged from 22 to 30 kg, kidding interval from 217 to 271 days, and the doe reproduction index from 2.3 to 3.1 kids per doe per year, with pre-weaning survival commonly exceeding 90%. Carcass percentage ranged from 44 to 47%, and the breed showed strong thermotolerance and the ability to maintain reproduction on low-quality forage. Although small-framed, the Kacang goat combines high prolificacy, early maturity, and superior environmental resilience. Structured selection within nucleus flocks and controlled crossbreeding, rather than indiscriminate grading-up, are recommended to realize its potential while preserving genetic identity.